The People Spoke 35th President the People Spoke 35th President Usa 1 Again

44th United States presidential inauguration

Presidential inauguration of
John F Kennedy

Date	January xx, 1961; 61 years ago  (1961-01-20)
Location	United states Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Organized by	Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies
Participants	John F. Kennedy 35th President of the The states — Assuming office Earl Warren Chief Justice of the United States — Administering oath Lyndon B. Johnson 37th Vice President of the United States — Assuming office Sam Rayburn Speaker of the United States House of Representatives — Administering oath
← 1957 1963 (boggling) →

The inauguration of John F. Kennedy every bit the 35th president of the United States was held on Friday, January 20, 1961, at the Due east Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. It was the 44th inauguration, marking the starting time of Kennedy's presidency and Lyndon B. Johnson'south but term every bit vice president. Kennedy was assassinated 2 years, 306 days into this term, and Johnson succeeded to the presidency.

Kennedy had narrowly defeated Richard Nixon, the incumbent vice president, in the presidential election. He was the first Catholic to go president, the youngest person elected to the function, and the first U.S. president to have been built-in in the 20th century.

His inaugural address encompassed the major themes of his campaign and would define his presidency during a fourth dimension of economic prosperity, emerging social changes, and diplomatic challenges.^[1] This inauguration was the first in which a poet, Robert Frost, participated in the program.

For this inauguration, the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies was chaired by Senator John Sparkman, and included Senators Carl Hayden and Styles Bridges, and Representatives Sam Rayburn, John W. McCormack, and Charles A. Halleck.^[2]

Sinatra inaugural ball [edit]

[Sinatra's brawl] may have marked the moment when popular amusement became an indispensable part of mod politics.

— Todd S. Purdum, Vanity Fair, Feb. 2011^{[three] [4]}

Frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford organized and hosted a pre-inaugural ball at the D.C. Armory on the eve of Inauguration mean solar day, Jan 19, 1961, considered one of the biggest parties ever held in the history of Washington, D.C.^{[3] [iv]} Sinatra recruited many Hollywood stars who performed and attended, and went every bit far as convincing Broadway theatres to suspend their shows for the night to accommodate some of their actors attending the gala.^[four] With tickets ranging from $100 per person to $ten,000 per group, Sinatra hoped to raise $1.7 million ($15.iv meg in today's dollars) for the Autonomous Party to eliminate its debt brought on by a hard-fought campaign.^{[3] [four]} Many Hollywood stars gave brief speeches or performed acts, rehearsed by Kay Thompson and directed by Roger Edens, and stayed at the Statler-Hilton Hotel where preparations and rehearsals were photographed by Phil Stern.^[iv] Performances and speeches included Fredric March, Sidney Poitier, Nat Male monarch Cole, Ella Fitzgerald, Gene Kelly, Tony Curtis, Janet Leigh, Bill Dana, Milton Berle, Jimmy Durante, Harry Belafonte, and Sinatra himself.

Sammy Davis, Jr., a long-time friend of Sinatra, supporter of the Democratic Political party, and member of the Rat Pack, was asked by John F. Kennedy non to nourish the gala at the behest of his father Joseph,^[3] fearing that his interracial marriage to Swedish actress May Britt was too controversial for the time and occasion, much to Sammy's and Sinatra's dismay.^{[3] [iv]} Davis had already postponed his wedding to Britt until after the election, also at the request of the Kennedy campaign via Sinatra.^[5] Davis somewhen switched his back up to the Republican Party and Richard Nixon in the early 1970s. Harry Belafonte expressed sadness at the controversy, stating "It was the ambassador, [but] nosotros didn't know that until later on. Sammy not existence at that place was a loss."^[iii]

At the end of the ball, Kennedy spoke to thank Sinatra on the festivities and his support of the Democratic Political party throughout his life and the 1960 entrada, adding "The happy relationship between the arts and politics which has characterized our long history I recall reached culmination tonight."^[4] Jacqueline retired to the White House earlier the brawl concluded at 1:xxx am (ET), and John went to a second pre-inaugural ball hosted past his father Joseph Kennedy, and would finally return to the White House at effectually 3:xxx am.^[4]

The inaugural nor'easter [edit]

A major winter tempest occurred the day before the inauguration, with temperatures at xx °F (−seven °C) and snowfall at 1–2 inches (2.v–five.1 cm) per hr^{[half dozen]} and a total of eight inches (20 cm) during the dark,^[vii] causing transportation and logistical issues in Washington and serious concern for the inauguration.^{[6] [vii] [eight] [9]}

On inauguration day, Jan xx, 1961, the skies began to clear but the snow created chaos in Washington, almost canceling the inaugural parade.^[6] The U.S. Ground forces Corps of Engineers was put in charge of clearing the streets during the evening and morning before the inauguration, and were assisted by more than one,000 Commune of Columbia employees and 1,700 Boy Scouts.^[half-dozen] This chore force employed hundreds of dump trucks, front-end loaders, sanders, plows, rotaries, and flamethrowers to clear the route.^[half-dozen] Over 1,400 cars which had been stranded due to the conditions and lack of fuel had to exist removed from the parade road forth Pennsylvania Artery.^[half-dozen]

The snowstorm dropped visibility at Washington National Airport to less than one-half a mile,^{[half dozen]} preventing former president Herbert Hoover from flying into Washington and attending the inauguration.^[10]

Inauguration proceedings [edit]

View of the extended E Front of the Capitol where the inauguration was held. President Kennedy is in the center delivering his inaugural address, with Vice-President Johnson and official and invited guests sitting behind him.

Before proceeding to the Capitol in company with outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower, Kennedy went to a morning Mass at Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Georgetown.^[3] Cardinal Richard Cushing gave the invocation at the inaugural which lasted for 12 minutes.^[11] Boosted prayers were recited by Archbishop Iakovos of the Greek Orthodox Church and Reverend Dr. John Barclay of the Central Christian Church building of Austin, Texas, and a blessing was offered by Rabbi Nelson Glueck. The invocation and prayers lasted a total of 28 minutes.^[11] Marian Anderson sang "The Star-Spangled Banner", and a composition by Leonard Bernstein titled "Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy" was played.

The adjuration of part for vice president was administered past Speaker of the Business firm of Representatives Sam Rayburn to Lyndon Johnson.^[12] This marked the beginning time a House speaker administered the adjuration, which had been given in previous inaugurations by either the president pro tempore of the Senate, the outgoing vice president, or a United States senator.^[13]

Robert Frost, then 86 years onetime,^{[14] [15]} recited his verse form "The Gift Outright".^{[16] [17]} Kennedy requested Frost to read a poem at the inauguration, suggesting "The Gift Outright",^{[17] [18] [nineteen]} considered an act of gratitude towards Frost for his help during the entrada.^[nineteen] Kennedy would later country that he admired the "courage, the towering skill and daring" of Frost, and adding that "I've never taken the view the globe of politics and the world of poesy are so far apart. I think politicians and poets share at least one thing, and that is their greatness depends upon the courage with which they face the challenges of life."^[17] American poet William Meredith would say that the request "focused attending on Kennedy equally a man of culture, as a man interested in culture."^[19]

For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration

The glory of a next Augustan age
Of a power leading from its force and pride,
Of young appetite eager to exist tried,
Business firm in our gratis behavior without dismay,
In whatsoever game the nations want to play.
A golden age of poesy and power
Of which this noonday's the beginning hr.

—Closing 7 lines from Robert Frost'due south poem
"For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration",
the expanded version of "Dedication".^[20]

Frost equanimous a new poem titled Dedication specifically for the anniversary as a preface to the poem Kennedy suggested,^{[xv] [nineteen]} to the surprise of Kennedy'due south friends.^[21] On the morning of the inauguration, Frost asked Stewart Udall, Kennedy's time to come Secretary of the Interior, to take his handwritten draft type scripted for easier reading, to which Udall obliged.^[21]

In one case at the presidential podium, however, the glare of the lord's day and snowfall prevented him from reading his papers.^{[17] [22]} When Frost started reading, he stumbled on the kickoff 3 lines, squinting at his papers in view of the crowd and cameras.^[17] Vice President Johnson tried to assist by using his top chapeau as a shade, however Frost waved the offering aside, took the hat and jokingly said "I'll aid you with that", sparking laughter and applause from the crowd and President Kennedy. Understanding the immediacy of the situation, Frost stated to the microphones that "this [the poem] was to take been a preface to a verse form which I do not have to read",^[18] and began to recite "The Gift Outright" from retentivity.^{[fifteen] [17] [22]} This marks the first time a verse form was read at a presidential inauguration, a feature repeated by future presidents Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, and Joe Biden at their respective ceremonies.^{[14] [23] [24] [25]}

Frost gave the type scripted version of the undelivered "Dedication" poem to Udall after the ceremony, who eventually donated the certificate to the Library of Congress where it is stored today.^[21] The original manuscript version, personally dedicated by Frost, was provided to the president and currently held by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library.^{[20] [26]} Kennedy's wife Jacqueline framed this manuscript version, writing on the back of the frame: For Jack. First thing I had framed to be put in your office. First matter to exist hung there. ^{[20] [26]} Frost officially presented the poem, retitled to For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration and expanded from 42 to 77 lines, to Kennedy in March 1962.^[17] The unread poem (published in 1962 as part of Frost's In the Clearing poetry drove) was finally recited at the U.S. Capitol by Chaplain Daniel P. Coughlin during the 50th ceremony celebrations of Kennedy's inauguration.^[15]

Adjuration of office [edit]

The oath of role of the president was administered to Kennedy by Master Justice Earl Warren using a airtight family Bible at 12:51 (ET) although he officially became president at the stroke of noon.^{[12] [27] [28] [29] [30]} Kennedy did not habiliment an overcoat when taking the oath of part and delivering the inaugural accost, despite the cold weather condition of 22 °F (−half-dozen °C) with windchill at 7 °F (−xiv °C) at noon.^{[6] [vii] [31]}

Inaugural address [edit]

Video of John F. Kennedy being sworn in every bit xxx-fifth president of the United States, and delivering his inaugural accost.

Immediately after reciting the oath of function, President Kennedy turned to address the crowd gathered at the Capitol. His 1366-word^[32] inaugural accost, the first delivered to a televised audition in colour,^[14] is considered ane of the all-time presidential inaugural speeches in American history.^{[33] [35]}

Permit the word go along from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans—born in this century, tempered past war, disciplined past a difficult and biting peace, proud of our ancient heritage—and unwilling to witness or let the ho-hum undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at habitation and around the world.^[36]

And and then, my fellow Americans: enquire non what your country can do for you—inquire what y'all tin can practise for your country.^[36]

Drafting [edit]

The voice communication was crafted by Kennedy and his speech writer Ted Sorensen. Kennedy had Sorensen study President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address also every bit other inaugural speeches.^{[37] [38]} Kennedy began collecting thoughts and ideas for his inauguration speech in late November 1960. He took suggestions from various friends, aides and counselors, including suggestions from clergymen for biblical quotations. Kennedy and so made several drafts using his own thoughts and some of those suggestions.^[39] Kennedy included in his oral communication several suggestions made by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith and past the former Autonomous presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson Two. Kennedy'south line "Allow us never negotiate out of fear. Merely let us never fright to negotiate." is nearly identical to Galbraith's suggestion "We shall never negotiate out of fearfulness. Simply we shall never fear to negotiate." Stevenson's suggestion "if the free way of life doesn't help the many poor of this world it will never save the few rich." was the footing for Kennedy's line "If a complimentary gild cannot assist the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich."^[40]

Main ideas of the spoken language [edit]

Kennedy came into power at the pinnacle of the Cold War with the hard goals of maintaining peaceful international relations and representing the Usa as a strong global force. These themes dominated his countdown address. Kennedy highlighted the newly discovered dangers of nuclear ability and the accelerating arms race, making the point that a focus on firepower should be replaced with a focus on international relations and helping the impoverished of the world.^[41] According to speechwriter Ted Sorensen, the almost of import sentence in the spoken language, expressing the core of Kennedy's policy, was: "For only when our arms are sufficient across uncertainty tin nosotros be sure beyond doubt that they volition never be employed."^[42] Sorensen revealed in 2007 that John F. Kennedy had v objectives in listen with his speech, all of which, according to Sorensen, were achieved.^[43] Sorensen called Kennedy's speech communication "wise and mettlesome" and concluded: "Kennedy's inaugural address was earth-changing, heralding the outset of a new American administration and foreign policy determined upon a peaceful victory in the west'southward long cold state of war struggle with the Soviet Spousal relationship over the world's time to come direction. [...] It was a argument of core values - his and the nation's at that time - that he very much believed needed to be conveyed."^[43]

Rhetorical elements [edit]

The chief focus of the speech can crudely be boiled down to 1 theme—the relationship between duty and ability.^[44] This is emphasized by Kennedy's stiff apply of juxtaposition in the commencement part of the voice communication. For example, he states in the second passage, "... Man holds in his mortal easily the power to abolish all forms of human being poverty and all forms of human life," a clear calling-out of non merely America, but also other nations of ability for skewed Common cold War priorities. He again employs the strategy in the fifth passage when he says, "United there is lilliputian we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is niggling we tin do," once again highly-seasoned to the idea of refocusing of international values.^[45] Over again, after exhorting "both sides" to activeness, he calls on all of "us" "to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle ... against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself,"^[46] though the phrase "long twilight struggle" came to be associated with the common cold state of war struggle against communism.^[47]

One of the master components of classical rhetoric; kairos—which means to say or practise any is fitting in a given state of affairs, and is the style with which the orator clothes the proof, likewise equally to prepon (the appropriate)—which means what is said must conform to both audience and occasion, are as well extremely prevalent in this accost.^[48] Recognizing the fear and anxiety prevalent in the American people since the start of the Cold War, Kennedy geared his speech to have an optimistic and even idealistic tone every bit a means of providing condolement. He does this by quickly moving the time of the oral communication into the hereafter, and invokes repetition of the phrase "Allow both sides ..." to insinuate to how he plans to deal with strained relations while as well appealing to the stop goal of international unity. He too phrases negative ideas in a manner so as to present them as opportunities—a claiming, appealing to innately American ideals. A great line to emphasize this is in the fourth from last passage, where he states, "In the long history of the globe, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending liberty in its hr of maximum danger," a simple twist of words that challenges the American public rather than frightening them.

Information technology was also in his inaugural address that John F. Kennedy spoke his famous words, "inquire not what your country tin do for yous, ask what you lot tin can do for your country." This apply of antimetabole can exist seen even equally a thesis statement of his speech—a call to action for the public to do what is right for the greater good. (This appears to be an elegant rephrasing of Franklin D. Roosevelt'south credence speech at the 1936 Autonomous National Convention: "To some generations much is given. Of other generations much is expected. This generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny.") ^[49]

Invited guests [edit]

Along with official presidential guests and honorees, including former presidents, vice presidents, cabinet members, and other Washington officials, the Kennedys invited famous men and women of the arts, including Carl Sandburg, John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway, Brendan Behan, Mark Rothko, and fashion icon and time to come Vogue editor Diana Vreeland.^[iii]

Congressman Tip O'Neill sabbatum side by side to wealthy Boston businessman George Kara:^[3]

O'Neill recalled that Kara had nudged him and said, "Years from now, historians volition wonder what was on the fellow's mind equally he strode to take his oath of function. I bet he'south asking himself how George Kara got such a good seat." That night, O'Neill and his wife danced over to the president'southward box at the brawl in the Mayflower Hotel to congratulate him, and certain plenty, Kennedy asked, "Was that George Kara sitting beside you?" O'Neill told Kennedy what Kara had said, and J.F.G replied, "Tip, you lot'll never believe it. I had my left paw on the Bible and my correct hand in the air, and I was about to take the oath of function, and I said to myself, 'How the hell did Kara get that seat?'"

Presidents and first ladies [edit]

Five first ladies, Edith Wilson, Eleanor Roosevelt, Bess Truman, Mamie Eisenhower and Jackie Kennedy attended the event, equally did futurity kickoff ladies Lady Bird Johnson, Pat Nixon, and Betty Ford.

Sometime president Harry Due south Truman joined presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy on the platform, every bit did future presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard One thousand. Nixon and Gerald Ford, making this, retroactively, the largest conclave of the "presidential fraternity" prior to the opening of the Reagan Library in the 1990s.

Parade to the White House [edit]

A vast parade along Pennsylvania Avenue followed the inauguration ceremony, bearing the new president from Capitol Plaza to the White House. Upon his arrival, Kennedy mounted a reviewing stand shared with honored guests such as former president Harry Truman and former first ladies Edith Wilson and Eleanor Roosevelt. Throngs of onlookers and millions of television viewers too watched the procession; it took three hours to pass past. Sixteen thousand members of the Us armed forces marched with displays of modern weaponry like the Minuteman missile and the supersonic B-70 bomber. A further 16 thousand marchers were civilians ranging from federal and country officials to high school bands and Boy Scouts, accompanied by 40 floats.^[50]

Affect [edit]

Kennedy'southward inauguration marked many firsts for the United States. Kennedy was the first Catholic inaugurated every bit commander-in-chief.^[51] At the inauguration, Kennedy, then 43, was the youngest elected president and was replacing the oldest president in American history at that time, Eisenhower.^{[52] [53] [54]} The age departure and visual bear upon of the turnover from Eisenhower's presence to Kennedy'southward was noticeable at the inauguration.^{[31] [55]} In add-on, Kennedy was the showtime person born in the 20th century to accept been inaugurated as president.^[56]

The claim that Kennedy did not wear a hat to his inauguration, and so single-handedly killed the men'due south chapeau industry,^{[57] [58] [59]} is false.^{[59] [60]} Kennedy wore a top hat to the inauguration and to the assurance in the evening, removing it but to be sworn in and give his accost. He in fact restored the tradition, subsequently Eisenhower broke with it past wearing a homburg instead of a meridian lid to both of his inaugurations.^[59] Johnson, at his inauguration in 1965, was the first president to go completely hatless.^{[59] [60]}

References [edit]

1. ^ Bragdon, Henry W. (1998). History of a Gratuitous Nation. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Colina. ^{[ ISBN missing ] [ page needed ]}
2. ^ "44TH Countdown CEREMONIES". U.s.a. Senate. Retrieved June xv, 2021.
3. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f chiliad h i} Purdum, Todd (February 2011). "From That Day Forth". Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2011-01-18 .
4. ^ ^{a b c d due east f yard h} Doyle, Jack (21 August 2011). "The Jack Pack, Pt. 2: 1961–2008". PopHistoryDig.com . Retrieved 16 February 2014.
5. ^ Jacobs, George; Stadiem, William (2003). Mr. S.: The Last Word on Frank Sinatra. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN0-06-051516-3.
6. ^ ^{a b c d due east f g h} Jason Samenow (January 9, 2009). "Inauguration Weather: The Instance of Kennedy". The Washington Mail service . Retrieved February ten, 2010.
7. ^ ^{a b c} "Presidential Countdown Weather: Worst Traffic Jam - 1961". U.Due south. National Atmospheric condition Service . Retrieved 11 February 2014.
8. ^ Paul J. Kocin and Louis Due west. Uccellini (2004). Northeast Snowstorms. American Meteorological Society. p. 400. ISBN1-878220-64-0.
9. ^ Andrea Rock (February 10, 2010). "Tape Falls With Snowfall in Washington, DC". AOL News. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February x, 2010.
10. ^ National Conditions Service Sterling, VA. "Presidential Inaugural Weather". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
11. ^ ^{a b} "Newdow v. Bush-league, 391 F. Supp. 2d 95 (D.D.C. 2005), Appendix D: Countdown Clergy" (PDF). Us District Court, District of Columbia. 17 Dec 2004. p. ii of Appendix, footnote 26. No. Civ.A.04-2208(JDB). Retrieved 2014-02-11 .
12. ^ ^{a b} "President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1961". Joint Congressional Commission on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved 2009-01-21 .
13. ^ "Inaugurals of Presidents of the United States: Some Precedents and Notable Events". Library of Congress, citing Whorl Call article of 18 January 1961 . Retrieved 15 February 2014.
14. ^ ^{a b c} Wolly, Brian (17 December 2008). "History & Archaeology: Inaugural Firsts – When was the commencement inaugural parade? Who had the longest inaugural address? A wait at presidential inaugurations through fourth dimension". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 26 January 2013.
15. ^ ^{a b c d} Wirzbicki, Alan (11 January 2011). "The poem Robert Frost wanted to read at John F. Kennedy'southward inauguration". Boston.com. Boston Earth. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
16. ^ Tuten, Nancy Lewis; Zubizarreta, John (2001). The Robert Frost Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0313294648
17. ^ ^{a b c d east f grand} Associated Press (xxx Jan 1963). "Robert Frost Dies at 88; Kennedy Leads in Tribute". New York Times . Retrieved xi February 2014.
18. ^ ^{a b} "Robert Frost Adds Poet's Touch". The New York Times. 21 January 1961.
19. ^ ^{a b c d} "Poetry and Power: Robert Frost'south Countdown Reading". Poets.org. Archived from the original on 12 Jan 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
20. ^ ^{a b c} Camia, Catalina (26 September 2010). "Why poet Frost fabricated a last-minute switch at JFK'due south inauguration". USA Today . Retrieved 11 February 2014.
21. ^ ^{a b c} Birney, Alice. "Stewart L. Udall Drove: Robert Frost'due south Dedication". Library of Congress . Retrieved eleven Feb 2014.
22. ^ ^{a b} "The Poetry of Robert Frost". Library of Congress. Retrieved May v, 2010.
23. ^ Michael E. Ruane (2008-12-17). "Option Provides Civil Rights Symmetry". Washington Post . Retrieved 2009-01-15 .
24. ^ Rosenthal, Harry (xx January 1997). "Poet Addresses Countdown Event". Washington Postal service . Retrieved eleven February 2014.
25. ^ Change, Alexandra. "Amanda Gorman Captures the Moment, in Poetry".
26. ^ ^{a b} "Robert Frost's Original Poem for JFK's Inauguration Finds Way to Kennedy Presidential Library". John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. JFKPOF-140-045. Retrieved January viii, 2008.
27. ^ "John F. Kennedy and Ireland – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum". Jfklibrary.org. Retrieved Baronial thirty, 2010.
28. ^ New York Times, January 21, 1961, p. eight, col. ane.
29. ^ "White House Diaries". John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
30. ^ "Kennedy Was in Office Despite Delay in Adjuration". The New York Times. January 21, 1961. p. 13.
31. ^ ^{a b} "Kennedy'south Words, Obama's Challenge". The New York Times. January 19, 2009.
32. ^ Peters, Gerhard (ed.). "Inaugural Addresses (including length in words) Washington – Trump". University of California, Santa Barbara: The American Presidency Project. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
33. ^ Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. "Inaugural Address". American Rhetoric. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
34. ^ Wyatt, Edward (ten May 2005). "Ii Authors Ask About 'Enquire Non'". New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014.
35. ^ "Greatest speeches of the 20th century". The Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2014.
36. ^ ^{a b} "John F. Kennedy Quotations: President Kennedy's Countdown Address, Jan twenty, 1961". Boston Massachusetts: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved Oct 17, 2018.
37. ^ JFK Library. "Analyzing the Inaugural Accost" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2014. Retrieved Jan 21, 2011.
38. ^ Theodore C. Sorensen (Oct 2008). "Ted Sorensen on Abraham Lincoln: A Man of His Words". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February xiii, 2022. Abraham Lincoln, the greatest American president, was also in my view the best of all presidential speechwriters. As a youngster in Lincoln, Nebraska, I stood earlier the statue of the president gracing the due west side of the towering land capitol and soaked upward the words of his Gettysburg Address, inscribed on a granite slab behind the statue. Two decades later on, in January 1961, President-elect John F. Kennedy asked me to study those words once again, in preparing to help him write his inaugural address. He too asked me to read all previous 20th-century inaugural addresses. I did not learn much from those speeches (except for FDR's first countdown), but I learned a swell deal from Lincoln'south ten sentences.
39. ^ National Archives and Records Administration. "John F. Kennedy'southward inaugural address, 1961". Retrieved January 29, 2008.
40. ^ "Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK'south Inaugural Address" (PDF). Department of Pedagogy and Public Programs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved eight January 2013.
41. ^ "John F. Kennedy Inaugural Accost". Bartleby.
42. ^ Talbot, David (May eight, 2007). Brothers: The Hidden History of the Kennedy Years. London: Simon & Schuster UK Ltd. pp. 38–39. ISBN9781847395856. Looking back, Ted Sorensen, Kennedy's essential collaborator, saw nothing contradictory about the countdown address. Information technology embodied, he said, Kennedy'south fundamental philosophy of peace through strength. "The line in the countdown accost that is the about important is not 'Ask not what your land can do for you.' It's 'For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt that can we be certain beyond uncertainty that they will never exist employed.' That was the Kennedy policy in a nutshell. He wasn't for unilaterial disarmament-on the contrary, he wanted to build an overwhelming nuclear advantage, then nosotros'd never have to use them, the Soviets would never cartel to challenge us."
43. ^ ^{a b} Ted Sorensen (April 22, 2007). "Great speeches of the 20th century: The Kennedys. Ted Sorenson: JFK's inaugural accost was world-changing". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved Baronial 15, 2021.
44. ^ "The Timeless Speech: A Close Textual Analysis of John F. Kennedy's Inaugural". Biane.
45. ^ "Text Analysis, John F. Kennedy, 1961." Cruz.
46. ^ Thurston Clarke (2010). Ask Not: The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Spoken communication That Inverse America. Penguin. p. 39. ISBN978-1101478059.
47. ^ Thomas Alan Schwartz (1994). "Victories and Defeats in the Long Twilight Struggle: The Us and Western Europe in the 1960s". In Diane B. Kunz (ed.). The Affairs of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s. Columbia University Press. p. 115. ISBN978-0231081771.
48. ^ "Toward a Sophistic Definition of Rhetoric." Poulakos. Philosophy and Rhetoric 16(1983):35–48.
49. ^ "Acceptance Speech for the Renomination for the Presidency, Philadelphia, Pa". presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-04 .
50. ^ "Dazzling Military Might Goes On Parade for New President". The Terre Haute Tribune. Terre Haute, IN. UPI. January 20, 1961. Retrieved Dec 10, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
51. ^ Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. "The Presidents of the United States of America: John F. Kennedy". WhiteHouse.gov. White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
52. ^ "Reagan Now Oldest President". The New York Times. Reuters. May 17, 1981. p. 28.
53. ^ Lawrence, Due west.H. (January 21, 1961). "Kennedy Sworn in, Asks 'Global Brotherhood' Against Tyranny, Want, Disease, and War; Republicans and Diplomats Hail Address". The New York Times. p. i.
54. ^ Business Insider. "Donald Trump is the oldest president elected in US history". Business Insider . Retrieved 12 May 2017.
55. ^ Brooks, David (14 March 2011). "The Ike Phase". The New York Times . Retrieved 12 February 2014.
56. ^ Hunker, Ian (20 January 2011). "Robert Frost and J.F.K., L Years Later". The New Yorker . Retrieved 12 Feb 2014.
57. ^ Robert Krulwich (4 May 2012). "Who Killed Men'south Hats? Think Of A Three Alphabetic character Word Beginning With 'I'". NPR. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
58. ^ Sam Parker (19 November 2013). "How to article of clothing a hat and look good". Esquire . Retrieved 16 August 2015.
59. ^ ^{a b c d} "Hat Play tricks". Snopes. 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
60. ^ ^{a b} "Inaugural Traditions: Dude, Where's My Top Chapeau?". ABC News. 19 January 2009. Retrieved xvi August 2015.

Bibliography [edit]

• Clarke, Thurston Ask Non : The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech communication That Inverse America. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2004. ISBN 0-8050-7213-vi.
• Rhetorical Terms and Techniques of Persuasion from Kennedy's Inaugural Accost. United States Department of Education and Public Programs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.

External links [edit]

• John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
• Library of Congress, John F. Kennedy Presidential Inauguration
• President Kennedy 1961 Inaugural Address (with audio) on YouTube
• As delivered text of Kennedy's Inaugural Address
• Sound of Kennedy'south Inaugural Address

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy

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